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Mi'kmaq people : ウィキペディア英語版
Mi'kmaq


The Mi'kmaq (also ''Micmac'', ''L'nu'' and ''Mi'kmaw'') (; ),〔(Native Languages of the Americas: Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmawi'simk, Mi'kmaw, Micmac, Míkmaq) )〕〔Lockerby, E. (2004). "Ancient Mi’kmaq Customs: A Shaman's Revelations." ''The Canadian Journal of Native Studies,'' 24(2), 403-423. see note 2〕〔Sock, S., & Paul-Gould, S. (2011). Best Practices and Challenges in Mi’kmaq and Maliseet/Wolastoqi Language Immersion Programs.〕 are a First Nations band, indigenous to Canada's Maritime Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. They call this region ''Mi'kma'ki''. Others today live in Newfoundland and the northeastern region of Maine. The nation has a population of about 40,000 (plus about 25,000 in the Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland〔〔http://www.thewesternstar.com/News/Local/2013-01-17/article-3158443/Protest-against-Qalipu-application-process-planned-for-Monday/1. Western Star, 13 Jan. 2013. Web. 3 Mar. 2013.〕), of whom nearly 11,000 speak Mi'kmaq, an Eastern Algonquian language .〔(Indigenous Languages Spoken in the United States )〕〔(Statistics Canada 2006 )〕 Once written in Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing, it is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet.
The Grand Council (also known as Santé Mawiómi) was the traditional senior level of government for the Mi'kmaq people until Canada passed the Indian Act (1876) to require First Nations to establish representative elected governments. After implementation of the Indian Act, the Grand Council took on a more spiritual function. The Grand Council was made up of representatives from the seven district councils in Mi'kma'ki.
On September 26, 2011 the Government of Canada announced the recognition of Canada's newest Mi'kmaq First Nations Band, the Qalipu First Nations in Newfoundland and Labrador. The new band, which is landless, has accepted 25,000 applications to become part of the band.〔http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2012/10/04/nl-qalipu-mikmaq-membership-claims-1004.html〕 The number of applications received by the application deadline on November 30, 2012 exceeded 100,000; as of January 2013, the majority of those had not yet been processed. The deadline was extended to January 31, 2014, and then to February 10, 2014. Its members are recognized as Status Indians, joining other organized Mi'kmaq bands recognized in southeast Canada.〔("Government of Canada announces creation of Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation Band" ), ''Market Watch,'' 26 September 2011〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Qalipu Mi'kmaq - First Nation Band )
==Etymology==
The ethnonym has traditionally been spelled ''Micmac'' in English, but the people themselves have used different spellings: ''Mi’kmaq'' (singular ''Mi’kmaw'') in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, ''Miigmaq'' (''Miigmao'') in New Brunswick, ''Mi’gmaq'' by the Listuguj Council in Quebec, and ''Mìgmaq'' (''Mìgmaw'') in some native literature.〔Emmanuel Metallic ''et al.'', 2005, ''The Metallic Mìgmaq-English Reference Dictionary''〕
Until the 1980s, "Micmac" remained the most common spelling in English. Although still used, for example in ''Ethnologue'', this spelling has fallen out of favour in recent years. Most scholarly publications now use the spelling ''Mi'kmaq'', and it has been adopted by media〔Anne-Christine Hornborg, ''Mi'kmaq Landscapes'' (2008), p. 3〕 as the spelling ''Micmac'' is now considered to be "colonially tainted".〔 The Mi'kmaq prefer to use one of the three current Mi'kmaq orthographies when writing the language.〔"It is now the preferred choice of our People." Daniel Paul, ''We Were Not the Savages'', 2000, p. 10〕
''Lnu'' (the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled "L'nu"; the plural is ''Lnúk'', ''Lnu’k'', ''Lnu’g'', or ''Lnùg'') is the term the Mi'kmaq use for themselves, their autonym, meaning "human being" or "the people".〔(The Nova Scotia Museum's Míkmaq Portraits database )〕
Various explanations exist for the origin of the term ''Mi'kmaq''. The ''Mi'kmaw Resource Guide'' states that "Mi'kmaq" means "the family":
The definite article "the" suggests that "Mi'kmaq" is the undeclined form indicated by the initial letter "m". When declined in the singular it reduces to the following forms: nikmaq - my family; kikmaq - your family; wikma - his/her family. The variant form ''Mi'kmaw'' plays two grammatical roles: 1) It is the singular of Mi'kmaq and 2) it is an adjective in circumstances where it precedes a noun (e.g. mi'kmaw people, mi'kmaw treaties, mi'kmaw person, etc.)〔''Mi'kmaw Resource Guide'', Eastern Woodlands Publishing (1997)〕

The Anishinaabe refer to the Mi'kmaq as ''Miijimaa(g)'', meaning "The Brother(s)/Ally(ies)", with the use of the ''nX'' prefix ''m-'', opposed to the use of ''n1'' prefix ''n-'' (''i.e.'' ''Niijimaa(g)'', "my brother(s)/comrade(s)") or the ''n3'' prefix ''w-'' (''i.e.'' ''Wiijimaa(g)'', "brother(s)/compatriot(s)/comrade(s)").〔Weshki-ayaad, Lippert, Gambill (2009). ''Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary''〕
Other hypotheses include the following:
The name "Micmac" was first recorded in a memoir by de La Chesnaye in 1676. Professor Ganong in a footnote to the word ''megamingo'' (earth), as used by Marc Lescarbot, remarked "that it is altogether probable that in this word lies the origin of the name Micmac." As suggested in this paper on the customs and beliefs of the Micmacs, it would seem that ''megumaagee'' the name used by the Micmacs, or the ''Megumawaach'', as they called themselves, for their land, is from the words ''megwaak'', "red", and ''magumegek'', "on the earth", or as Rand recorded, "red on the earth," ''megakumegek'', "red ground," "red earth." The Micmacs, then, must have thought of themselves as the Red Earth People, or the People of the Red Earth. Others seeking a meaning for the word Micmac have suggested that it is from ''nigumaach'', my brother, my friend, a word that was also used as a term of endearment by a husband for his wife... Still another explanation for the word Micmac suggested by Stansbury Hagar in "Micmac Magic and Medicine" is that the word ''megumawaach'' is from ''megumoowesoo'', the name of the Micmacs' legendary master magicians, from whom the earliest Micmac wizards are said to have received their power.〔cited in Paul to Marion Robertson, ''Red Earth: Tales of the Micmac, with an introduction to their customs and beliefs'' (1965) p. 5.〕

Members of the Mi'kmaq historically referred to themselves as ''Lnu'', but used the term ''níkmaq'' (my kin) as a greeting. The French initially referred to the Mi'kmaq as ''Souriquois''"〔''Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France''〕 and later as ''Gaspesiens'' or (through English) "Mickmakis". The British originally referred to them as Tarrantines.

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